SC242: Week-by-Week
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Term 1: Criminological Imaginations: Theories of crime and control
0. Introduction and welcome to the Course and Criminology
The Introductory lecture will provide a brief welcome to the course content and consider the history of society's responses to the 'deviant', 'stigmatised' and 'criminalised'. Different measures and visions of social control have characterised different historical periods and societies. They have been influenced by magic, religion, science and various ideologies. The first lecture will briefly examine the roots of 'modern' thinking about criminology, criminal justice and social control, as found in 18th and 19th century social theory and philosophy. We shall discuss the ideas associated with Classicism and that (eventually) gave rise to a recognisable discipline or subject called 'criminology'. But we must remember that the history of criminology is not a unilinear 'march of theories', each superceding the one before. Rather, theories are adapted and developed over time, hence, throughout the course we shall also see much overlap and re-inventing!
S Walklate Understanding Criminology, chs 1 and 2
D Garland 'Of crimes and criminals: the development of criminology in Britain' in M Maguire et al 2003 The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (or essay in earlier versions)
S. Pfohl, 1985 'The Demonic Perspective' Chap.2, 'The Classical Perspective' Chap.3 in Images of Deviance and Social Control HV33.
Bob Roshier, 1988,Controlling Crime HV6025On the history of criminology:
Reiner, Robert (1988) 'British Criminology and the State' in P Rock ed. 1988 A History of British Criminology, HV6024.5.67 (also published in the British Journal of Criminology, vol 28, no 2, spring, 1988)
Essays by Garland, Rock, Downes and Morgan in the The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (ed) Maguire, Morgan, Reiner (2003, 1997 and 1994) HV6025.
Rock, Paul (ed) 1994, History of Criminology HV6024.5.A1
Mellosi, Dario (2000) 'Changing representations of the criminal' British Journal of Criminology vol 40, no 2, p296-320On crime, deviance and early modern history:
Gaskill, Malcolm (2000) Crime and mentalities in early modern England HV 6943.G2
Sharpe, James (1984) Crime in early modern England, 1550-1750 HV 6943.S5
Pfohl, Stephen (1994) Ch 2 in Images of deviance and social control: a sociological history, 2nd edition, HV 33
Kermode, Jennifer and Walker, Garthine eds (1995) Women, crime and the courts in early modern England HV 6046On Crime and the classic 'Enlightenment'
Original texts
Beccaria, Cesare An essay on crimes and punishments HV 8661
Bentham, Jeremy [1748-1832] (1995) The Panopticon writings; edited and introduced by Miran Bozovic HV 8805
Bentham, Jeremy [1748-1832] (1789) An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation 1879 JC 223.B47On Enlightenment classicism
Foucault, Michel (1977) Discipline and Punish: the birth of the prison (translated by Alan Sheridan) HV 8665
Muncie, J et al eds Criminological Perspectives: see Beccaria
P. Jenkins, 1988 'Varieties of the Enlightenment Criminology: Beccaria, Godwin, de Sade' British Journal of Criminology, 2,4,2.
Note there has also been some degree of a revival of neo-liberal classical thinking:
Bob Roshier, 1989, Controlling crime: the clasical perspective in criminology HV6025 (1) main shelves)
B Hudson, 1987, Justice through Punishment: A critique of the 'justice' model of corrections HV8675 (1) main shelves
F T Cullen & K Gilbert, Reaffirming Rehabilitation. HV9469 (1) main shelves
A van Hirsch, Doing Justice HV8675 (1) main shelves
M Wright, Making Good HV9647 (1) main shelves
2. Foundations II: Positivism
Positivism or the Italian 'Positivist School' introduced a scientific base to criminology. However, as with the Classicist 'umbrella', there were many different developments contributing to the emergence of a human 'science' concerned with crime. Early propositions were rapidly discredited but certain principles of 'scientific enquiry' are today an essential part of criminology. Stereotypes of 'positivist' work abound and it is wise to be careful about making 'shorthand' assumptions about such work.
On Science, positivism and pathologyOriginal texts:
Muncie, J et al eds Criminological Perspectives : See chapters by / about Lombroso , Ferri , Bonger , Mednick , Eysenck .
Lombroso, Cesare L'Homme Criminel; and The Female Criminal HV 6045 /6046
Eysenck, HJ (1964), Crime and Personality London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, HV6105On the history of positivism:
Pfhol, S (1994) Images of Deviance and Control Ch 4
Beirne, P (1987) 'Adolphe Quetelet and the origins of positivist criminology', American Journal of Sociology, 92, 1140-69
Beirne, P (1987) 'Heredity Versus Environment: a reconsideration of Goring's "The English Convict" ' British Journal of Criminology, 28, 315-39
Gould, Stephen Jay (1981) The Mismeasure of Man BF 431.G6
Gibson, Mary (1982) 'The 'Female Offender' and the Italian School of Criminal Anthropology' Journal of European Studies 12 155-65
Wiener, Martin (1990) Reconstructing the criminal: culture, law and policy in England, 1830-1914
Cox, Pamela (1996) 'Girls, deficiency and delinquency', in David Wright and Anne Digby eds From Idiocy to Mental Deficiency: Historical Perspectives on People with Learning Disabilities
Rafter, Nicole Hahn (1998) Creating Born Criminals
I Taylor, P Walton
and J Young, 1973,The New Criminology (chs 1 and 2) HV6025
P. Beirne, 1993 Inventing Criminology HV6025
P. Beirne (ed) 1994,The Origins and Growth of Criminology HV6024.5A1
G Vold, 1958,Theoretical Criminology (a bit old now, but once a 'classic', see chs. 2 and 3 HV6035
3: Foundations III: The rise of Sociological Criminology - from Chicago to Labelling
From the period of the 1920s and the development of the Chicago school, through to the late 1950s and early 1960s, American sociology largely dominates. These decades produced a large number of theories and empirical works. We will not examine them all in detail! However, you should know about and understand, the work of the Chicago school and Social Disorganisation theories, of Sutherland and Differential Association theory, of Merton and Anomie theory and of the various theories about 'gangs' and delinquent youth which emerged in the 1950s.We shall cover SOME of these theories looking at those placing emphasis on aspects of social structure (neighbourhoods, structures of oppportunity etc) and at social process theories (emphasising 'processes', differential association, labelling theory etc). (Exam hint - ensure you understand the difference between the Chicago School/symbolic interactionist perspective and the Merton/anomie/neo-functionalists perspective). In reaction to positivist, functionalist and other perspectives, criticised for being interested in delinquency only so it could be 'corrected', new and critical voices put forward the need for an 'appreciative' stance toward deviance. In turn, this promoted a critical stance toward those involved in the creation of deviant labels. Thus the 1960s saw an influential wave of studies adopting the Labelling theory perspective. Other work emphasised the necessity of de-mystifying 'deviance' and 'crime' …
Walklate, S.1998 Understanding Criminology
Pfohl, S. Chaps. 5 & 6 in Pfohl Images of Deviance
Taylor, Walton and Young, 1973, The New Criminology (chs. 4,5,6) (1) short loan
(1) 3-day loan (1) 7-day loan (1) main shelves
Heathcote, F. 1981, 'Social Disorganisation Theories'in Fitzgerald et
al eds. HV6025
Cohen, A., 1955, Delinquent Boys: the culture of the gang. HV9069
R Cloward and L Ohlin, 1960, Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of delinquent gangs HV6437 (2 copies, main shelves)
Depending on which edition of the Oxford handbook you consult, see the excellent essays by Geoff Pearson or Dick Hobbs.
Paul Rock, 1997, 'Sociological theories of crime' in Maguire et al The Oxford ....
S. Pfohl, Chap.9 in Pfolh Images of Deviance
Ken Plummer, 1979, 'Misunderstanding labelling perspectives' in Downes & Roch (eds) Deviant Interpretations HV33 (2 copies, 7 days loan)
David Matza, 1964, Delinquency and Drift HV9069
David Matza, 1969, Becoming Deviant HV33
Howard Becker, 1963, Outsiders HV33 (Short loan)
Anthony Platt, 1968, The Childsavers: the invention of delinquency.HV9104 (1) main shelves
D. Matza and G. Sykes, 1957, 'Juvenile delinquency and subterranean values', American Sociological Review 26, 712-19.
Jock Young, 1971, The drugtakers HV5801 (1) 3-day (2) main shelves
S. Cohen (ed) 1971, Images of Deviance HV33
S. Cohen, 1980 (2nd ed) Folk Devils and Moral Panics (see esp. Intro.essay- 'Symbols of Trouble') HV6485.G7
J Young and S Cohen eds. 1981 (2nd edn) The Manufacture of News. PN4771
J Muncie and M Fitzgerald, & P Scraton and S Hall, in Fitzgerald et al eds., 1981. HV6025 (2) main shelves
4. Critiques I: Marxism
By the early 1970s a 'new radical criminology' was seeking to take the critique of traditional or 'establishment' criminology (by which they meant 'positivism') still further and sought to engage in de-mystification and critique of the state and capitalism - sources of exploitation, criminalisation and oppression. A whole series of critical criminologies was to emerge…Taylor, Walton and Young, 1973, The New Criminology, (chs. 5, 7 and 9). HV6025
(4 copies, short loan, 3-day, 7-day, main shelves)
David F. Greenberg (ed) 1981 Crime and capitalism : readings in Marxist criminology
Jock Young, 1976, 'Working class criminology' in Taylor, Walton and Young, eds, 1976, Critical Criminology HV6025 (1) 7-day loan (1) 3-day loan
Michael J. Lynch (ed) 1997 Radical criminology (book of key readings)
Geoff Pearson, 1975, The Deviant Imagination HV33 (1) main shelves
Frank Pearce, 1976, Crimes of the Powerful HV6030 short loan
S Hall et al, 1978, Policing the Crisis HV6435 (short loan, (2) 3-day, (2) 7-day, main shelves
Andrew Scull, 1977, Decarceration HV9304 (3-day loan)
S Hall and T Jeferson eds. 1976, Resistance Through Rituals HQ799.G7 (2 copies, main shelves)
5. Critiques II: Feminism(s)
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, certain contradictions and shortcomings within all of this 'new' criminology were becoming clearer; criticism from within this body of work as well as from outside criminology, had a major impact. In particular the feminist critique spotlighted the overwhelming masculine bias of work so far.Frances Heidensohn, 2003/ 1997/1994, 'Gender and crime' in Maguire et al, Oxford handbook HV6025 (2) short loan (1) 3-day is a good start.
The classic text for Britain was: Carol Smart, 1976, Women, Crime and Criminology HV6046 (1) Short loan (1) main shelves
Carol Smart, 1995, Law, Crime and Sexuality
Ann Lloyd, 1995, Doubly Deviant, Doubly Damned Chap.3 HV6046
L Gelsthorpe & A Morris, eds. 1990, Feminist Perspectives in Criminology. HV6030 (1) short loan (1) main shelves
Frances Heidensohn, 1985, Women and Crime HV6046 4 copies 3-day, 7-day, short loan
Alison Morris, 1987, Women, Crime and Criminal Justice HV6046 2 cpies, main shelves
P Carlen & A Worrell, eds. 1987, Gender, Crime and Justice HV6046, (1) main shelves
Phil Scraton, 1990, 'Scientific knowledge or masculine discourses: challenging patriarchy in criminology' in Gelsthorpe and Morris, eds,1990 HV6030, (1) short loan (1) main shelves
Marcia Rice, 1990, 'Challenging orthodoxies in feminist theory: a black feminist critique' in Gelsthorpe and Morris. JV6030
(NB these studies are largely concerned with women and criminology and relatedly, the way women are viewed/treated in the criminal justice system (CJS). We discuss studies of women and crime in term 2).
6. Critiques III: Critical Criminologies
….Meanwhile, neo-marxist and radical writers pushed their critique of capitalism and the CJS further in the 1970s and 1980s and now the 'critical' field is maturing. In some respects debates that once seemed vital have been passed by and some radical causes now no longer seem so radical. Indeed it is 'the state' itself that may have introduced the most potent source of critique of state practices via the implementation of the Human Rights Act.R Hogg and K Carrington 2003 Critical Criminology: Issues, debates, challenges.
S Cohen 1993 'Human rights and crimes of the state' from Australian and New Zealand Jnl of Criminology - reprinted in Muncie and McLaughlin Criminological Perspectives
S Cohen, 1988 Against Criminology (essays)
Ian Taylor, Paul Walton, Jock Young (eds) 1975 Critical Criminology
René van Swaaningen 1997,Critical criminology : visions from Europe
M Presdee 2000 Cultural Criminology and the Carnival of crime
Jeff Ferrell and Neil Websdale, (eds) 1999 Making trouble : cultural constructions of crime, deviance, and control
J Young, 1979, 'Left idealism, reformism and beyond: from new criminology to Marxism' in Fine, B et al eds. Capitalism and the Rule of Law. HV8665, 2 copies, main shelvesThe continued work of the British neo-marxist 'critical criminologists' is exemplified by the work of Phil Scraton, Joe Sim, et al, see: P. Scraton, ed, 1988, Law, Order and the Authoritarian State. HV6947 (1) 3-day loan (1) 7-day loan
A further strand of criminology committed to fundamental change of the CJS, eg abolition of prisons (sometimes called Abolitionists), has continued to flourish since the late 1960s/early '70's radicalisation period. See eg:
Thomas Mathiesen, 1974, The Politics of Abolition. HV9719, (1) main shelves
T Mathiesen, 1983, 'The future of control systems: the case of Norway', in Garland and
Young eds, 1983, 130-45; (or 1980, in International Journal of Sociology of Law, 8, 149-64).
T Mathiesen, 1991, Prison on Trial. HV8705 (1) main shelves
Nils Christie, 1993 and 2nd edition, Crime Control as Industry. HV8705 (1) main shelves
Nils Christie, 1981 The Limits to Pain. HV8675 (1)
W. de Han, 1991, 'Abolitionism and crime control' in K. Stenson and D. Cowell, (eds) 1991 The Politics of Crime Control. HV7431 (1)In the USA a version of 'abolitionism' emerged under the banner of 'Peacemaking criminology', see, H. Pepinsky and R. Quinney (eds) 1991, Criminology as Peacemaking; HV6025 (1)
7. Critiques IV: Comparative Criminology
This week we consider the necessity of going beyond narrow, domestic and parochial boundaries to see how matters of crime and control look elsewhere. This involves more than the usual transatlantic exercise of comparison with the USA. For example, it is often assumed that theories and ideas which arise from research studies in the UK or USA, will somehow 'fit' the rest of the world. But can such perspectives really be applied so easily and uncritically? Do they, for example, 'fit' reunified Berlin? post-apartheid Johannesburg? nation-states of the Pacific Rim? And so on…? We will consider the positive and negative aspects of comparative research, and discuss the sensitive (and often unforeseen) issues that may arise (e.g. Human rights are meant to be universal claims, universally defined - but which prison system is the greater respecter of Human Rights - Japan which has a very strict and authoritarian penal regime but imprisons relatively few people, or the supposedly more liberal USA which actually has the second highest incarceration rate in the world, after Russia)?Cyndi Banks (ed) 2000 Developing cultural criminology : theory and practice in Papua New Guinea
Piers Beirne and David Nelken (eds) 1997 Issues in comparative criminology
R. Weiss and N. South (eds), 1998, Comparing Prison Systems: Toward an International and Comparative Penology, Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach. (especially Introductory Chapter: South, N and Weiss, R, 1998, 'Crime, punishment and the 'state of prisons' in a changing world'; and chapters by Downes on the Netherlands, Del Olmo on nations in the Andean region, and Dutton and Zhangrun on China; van Zyl Smit on change in South Africa).
J. Vagg, 1993, 'Context and linkage: research and internationalism in criminology', in British Journal of Criminology, 33, 4, 541-553.
N. South (ed) 1999 Youth Crime, Deviance and Delinquency, Vol 2; Empirical Studies and Comparative Perspectives, Aldershot: Dartmouth (Introduction plus reprinted articles in 'Comparative perspectives' section.)
V. Ruggiero, N. South and I. Taylor (eds) 1998, The New European Criminology: Crime and Social Order in Europe, London: Routledge
V. Ruggiero and N.South, 1995, Eurodrugs; drug use, markets and trafficking in Europe, London: UCL press
Hobbs, D and Dunnighan, C, 1998, 'Glocal organised crime: context and pretext' in V. Ruggiero, N. South and I. Taylor (eds) The New European Criminology, London: Routledge.
Ruggiero, V, South, N and Taylor, I, 1998, 'Introduction: Towards a European criminological community' in V. Ruggiero, N. South and I. Taylor (eds) The New European Criminology, London: Routledge.
Jamieson, R, South, N and Taylor, I, 1998, 'Economic liberalization and cross-border crime', parts 1 and 2, International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 26, 2 and 3, 245-272, 285-319.
D. Melossi, (1994) 'The "economy" of illegalities: normal crimes, elites and social control in comparative analysis' in D. Nelken (ed) Futures of Criminology.
8. Conservative approaches and the New Right
In week 1 we noted how criminology partly developed because it was perceived by the state as a useful contributor to social administration. However such administration is not neutral but shaped by politics. In practice the criminological thinking of politicians and governments tends to 'borrow' and mix together elements of different theoretical positions. In the lectures this week and next we shall concentrate principally on the debate between left and right perspectives, though class discussion could also address some of the neo-liberal literature.On Conservative perspectives, statements of 'theory' are rare but a kind of conservative 'realism' can be found in the work of James Q Wilson, a former advisor to President Reagan. Since the 1980s a New Right has emerged that has been particularly concerned with crime and law and order issues. News reporting is a good source of this kind of commentary so watch out for such material.
Norman Dennis 1993 Rising crime and the dismembered family : how conformist intellectuals have campaigned against common sense
Norman Dennis (editor) 1997 Zero tolerance : policing a free society
J Q Wilson, 1975, Thinking about crime HV6789 (1) 3-day loan (1) main shelves
J Q Wilson and R Herrstein, 1986 Crime and Human Nature HV6115, short loan
E Van den Haag, 1975, Punishing Criminals HV8675 (1)
And see the debate between J Q Wilson (on the US right) and Elliott Currie (on the US left) , 1991, 'The Politics of Crime: the American Experience' in K. Stenson and D. Cowell, eds, The Politics of Crime Control. HV 7431 (1) main shelves
An excellent collection representing conservative positions and theory is Digby Anderson, ed. 1992, The Loss of Virtue: Moral confusion and social disorder in Britain and America HV397 (1).
9. Left Realism and Social Exclusion
J Young 1999 The Exclusive Society
J Lea 2003, Crime and Modernity: continuities in left realist criminology
I Taylor 1999 Crime in ContextOn Left realism:
J. Young and R. Mathews (eds) 1991, Rethinking Criminology: The Realist Debate HV6025
R. Mathews and J. Young (eds) 1991, Issues in Realist Criminology HV6025
J Lea and J Young, 1984/1993/ What is to be done about law and order? (1993, revised edition) HV6947 3-day & short loan
J Young, 1986, 'The failure of criminology: the need for a radical realism' in Matthews and Young eds Confronting Crime HV6947, short loan
I Taylor, 1981, Law and Order: Arguments for Socialism HX246 (3) main shelves
R Kinsey et al, 1986, Losing the Fight against Crime HV195 (2) main shelves
T Jones et al, 1986, The Islington Crime Survey HV6950 (1) main shelves
J Young, 1991, in K Stenson and D. Cowell, eds. 1991.
A similar view from the United States is E. Currie, 1985, Confronting Crime HV6789.Sympathetic Critiques:
G. Hughes, 1991, 'Taking crime seriously,, Sociology Review, Nov., 18-22. HM 1.587
S Cohen, 1988, chapter 2 of Against Criminology HV6028 (1) main shelves
Less sympathetic are:
P Scraton et al, 1987, 'Crime, the state and critical analysis' in Scraton, ed. Law, Order and the Authoritarian State, 1987 HV6947
10. Power, Surveillance and Modernity
How is society regulated and controlled? In some ways, this takes us back to classical questions of political sociology of Leviathan and The State. How is social order possible? How is it to be sustained? Our main concern will be with the perceived rise of the surveillance society which has some advanced imageries in classic novels of 'dystopia' and in numerous works of science fiction, books and films.George Orwell 1984
Aldous Huxley Brave New World
Robocop
Blade Runner
Enemy of the StateMany relevant themes are central to the sci fi series Dark Angel.
A recommended futuristic novel is Phillip Kerr, A Philosophical Investigation (a brilliant detective story which also throws in positivism, the Frankfurt school, feminism, virtual reality etc etc);
On Crime and the surveillance society:
This session reviews the major historical and sociological approaches to the rise of what might be called the 'disciplinary society', or even the 'self-disciplining society'. Foucault is a key figure here, but, in addition to his contribution, we will also consider earlier writers and the work of those who have adapted, criticised and extended classic Foucauldian approaches.Original texts:
Foucault, Michel 1976 Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison HV8665
Foucault, Michel (1975) The Birth of the Clinic HV687, short loan
On Foucault's work and its influence, see
Danaher, Geoff et al (2000) Understanding Foucault Allen and Unwin
O'Neill, J (1986) 'The disciplinary society: from Weber to Foucault' British Journal of Sociology vol 37 no 1 pp42-60
Others who have worked with these ideas are:
David Lyon 2001 Surveillance society : monitoring everyday life
D Lyon and E Zureik (eds) 1996 Computers, Surveillance and Privacy
Cohen, Stanley (1985) Visions of social control: crime and classification HV8665, 4 copies
Cohen, Stanley (1979) 'The punitive city' XD571 (short loan collection).
Rose, Nikolas (1999) Powers of freedom: reframing political thought Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, JA 76.R6
Rose, Nikolas (1990) Governing the soul: the shaping of the private self London: Routledge, HM 251.9.R6
Rose, Nikolas (1985) The psychological complex: psychology, politics and society in England, 1869-1939 London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, BF 108.G7
Garland, David (1991) Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory HV8675 (1) main shelves
Garland, David (1985) Punishment and Welfare HV9644 (1) main shelves
Dean, Mitchell (1999) Governmentality: power and rule in modern society London: Sage, HN 49.P6
On social control and modernity
J Lea 2003, Crime and Modernity: continuities in left realist criminology
Z Bauman, 1990, Modernity and the Holocaust D810.14 (3 copies)
N. South, 1998, 'Control, crime and end of century criminology' in P Frances et al (eds) Policing Futures, also essays by L Johnston and D Wall in this volume.
John Lowman et al, eds, 1987, Transcarceration: essays in the sociology of social control HV8661 (1) main shelves, (on theory see Melossi, Lowman, Spitzer, Mathiesen, Scull, Matthews, Cohen; on substantive issues see Weiss, South, Davis and Faith, Steadman, and Morrisey).
D Lyon, 1994 The Electronic Eye JC597
C Dandeker, 1990, Surveillance, Power and Modernity HM131.5.D2 (7-day loan
C Shearing and P Stenning, 1987, 'From the panopticon to Disney World' in Shearing and Stenning (eds) Private Policing HV8290
McConville, M and Shepherd, D 1992, Watching police, watching communities. HV8196
Ken Pease, 2003, 'Crime prevention' in Maguire et al, Oxford Handbook HV6025
Maeve McMahon, 1990, 'Net widening': vagaries in the use of a concept', British Journal of Criminology , 30, 2, 121-149.
Term 2: Global and Local crime
11. Women, Victimisation and Crime
Court cases around domestic violence have consistently highlighted the unequal treatment of women by the criminal justice system. This week we consider how violence and other crimes against women have been viewed: domestic violence has been a 'hidden crime', rape has often left the woman victim feeling she is to blame and then there are questions as to whether the sex industry (prostitution, pornography) involves 'crimes' against women or committed by them! The 'discovery' of women as hidden victims of crime, highlighted by feminist critiques of orthodox criminology, was a major factor in the acknowledgement of the need for Victimisation studies generally. Such studies can also explore the 'hidden crime' affecting other groups in society, such as ethnic minorities and gays. We shall consider some of the issues raised by these as well. A comparative perspective will involve looking at other countries as well.Women, violence and rape:
J. Radford & D. Russell (eds) 1992, Femicide: The Politics of Woman Killing HV6511
Russell&Rebecca Dobash,1991, Women, Violence and Social Change HV6626 (2 copies)
Jill Box-Grainger, 1986, 'Sentencing Rapists' in Matthews and Young eds Confronting Crime HV6947
J Hanmer, J Radford and B Stanko, 1989, Women, policing and male violence. HV6250
Carol Smart, 1989, Feminism and the Power of Law (esp chs. 2, 3, 5) K370
Susan Edwards, 1989, Policing Domestic Violence HV6626
Steve Box, 1983, Power, Crime and Mystification (ch. 4, 'Rape and sexual assaults on females') HV6252
E Stanko, Intimate Intrusions HV6626 (4 copies)
E Stanko, 1990, Everyday Violence: How women and men experience sexual and physical danger HV6626
S Brownmiller, Against Our Will HV6558
J Hopkins ed, Perspectives on rape and sexual assault HQ71
Liz Kelly, 1988, Surviving Sexual Violence HV6558
D Scully, 1990, Understanding sexual violence HV6561
Essays by Kelly, Hudson, Edwards and Los in Gelsthorpe and Morris, eds, 1990, Feminist Perspectives in Criminology HV6030
K Soothill & S Walby, 1991, Sex Crime in the News PN5124.C7
On Women as criminals, and as the criminalised
Meda Chesney-Lind, 1997, The Female Offender - Girls Women and Crime
Carol Smart, 1976, Women, Crime and Criminology HV6046 (1) short loan (1) main shelves
Pat Carlen, 1985, Criminal Women (case studies/biographies) HV6046
Pat Carlen, 1988, Women, Crime and Poverty HV6046
L. Gelsthorpe, 1989, Sexism and the Female Offender HV6046
P Carlen & A Worral eds 1987, Gender, crime and Justice HV6046
Frances Heidensohn, 1994, 'Gender and crime', in Maguire et al, eds. Oxford Handbook HV6025
Ann Lloyd, 1995, Doubly Deviant, Doubly Damned: Society's Treatment of Violent Women HV6046
Frances Heidenshohn, 1985, Women and Crime HV6046 (4 copies)
F Heidensohn, 1991, 'Women and crime in Europe' in Heidensohn and Farrell eds Crime in Europe. HV6937
Steve Box, 1983, Power, Crime and Mystification (ch. 5, 'Powerlessness and crime - the case of female crime') HV6252 (4 copies)
Carol Smart, 1989, Feminism and the Power of Law(chs 1,5,7) K370
Susan Edwards, 1987, 'Prostitutes: victims of law, social policy and organised crime' in P Carlen and A Worrall eds 1987, Gender, Crime and Justice HV6046
Anne Worral, 1990, Offending Women HV6046
L Gelsthorpe, 1989, Sexism and the female offender HV6046
It is also important to be aware of some of the earlier studies such as Pollak and others (cited in Smart and Box) plus those who see women's involvement in crime as representing the 'dark side' of feminism and 'emancipation' eg Adler and Simon.
F Adler, 1975, Sisters in Crime HV6046
R Simon, 1975, Women and Crime HV 6046
O Pollak, 1950, The Criminality of Women HV6046
12. Ethnicity, Minorities and Crime
This week will probably be a guest lecture focussing on children as excluded and victims of crime and abuse. If so an additional reading list will be distributed. The general theme of the week also allows us to consider the experience of various minorities (eg, ethnic groups, gays) in relation to crime and control. Again, looking at the experience in other countries will be valuable.Alan Marlow and Barry Loveday (eds) 2000 After MacPherson : policing after the Stephen Lawrence inquiry
D Cook and B Hudson, 1993, Racism and Criminology. (various essays, especially: Fitzgerald, and Solomos). HT1523
Smith, 1994, 'Race, crime and criminal justice' in Maguire et al, Oxford Handbook HV6025
Basia Spalek, 2003, Islam, Crime and Criminal Justice
H-J Albrecht, 1991, 'Ethnic minorities: crime and criminal justice in Europe' in Heidensohn and Farrell eds, Crime in Europe HV6937
Marcia Rice, 1990, 'Challenging orthodoxies in feminist theory: a black feminist critique' in Gelsthorpe and Morris, eds, 1990, Feminist Perspectives in Criminology HV6030
Ruth Chigwada, 1991, The policing of black women' in E Cashmore and E McLaughlin eds. 1991, Out of Order? Policing black people (plus other essays in this book) HV8195
E Genders andE Player, 1989, Race relations in Prison HV9646
N Dorn, K Murji and N South, 1992, Traffickers, (case studies of Roxanne and Carmen, pp 189-197).HV5840.G7
Other 'minority' issues:
G D Comstock, 1991, Violence against lesbians and gay men. HV6250.4.H6
J Peay, 1994, 'Mentally disordered offenders', in Maguire et al, eds. Oxford handbook HV6025
R Lowe and W Shaw, 1993, Travellers: Voices of the New Age Nomads. HV4547
J Morgan and L Zedner, 1992, Child Victims: crime, impact and criminal justice (children are often a 'neglected minority' in considering criminal justice) HV6250.4.C5
13. The Medicalisation and criminalisation of drugs
A history of the ways in which drugs and drug use have become deviant activities, stigmatised and criminalised, examining the roles played by medical, legal and media forces.A General Review:
N South, 2003, 'Drugs, alcohol and crime' in Maguire et al eds. Oxford Handbook HV6025 (earlier versions in 1997/1994 editions)An Overview of Current Debates:
N. South, (ed) 1999, Drugs: Cultures, Controls and Everyday Life
Many classic and important articles for this week and next are reprinted in N. South ed 1995, Drugs, Crime and Criminal Justice, vol. 1: histories and use, theories and debates, and vol. 2: cultures and markets, crime and criminal justice. HV5801The major current debate, discussed in South 1998 above, is whether drug use is becoming 'normalised'? See: proposing this H Parker et al, 1998. Illegal Leisure: the normalisation of adolescent recreational drug use; critical of this position, M. Shiner and T Newburn, 1998, 'Taking tea with Noel: the place and meaning of drug use in everyday life' in N. South (ed) 1998 above, and M. Shiner and T Newburn 'Definitely, maybe not: the normalisation of recreational drug use amongst young people', Sociology, 31, 3, 1-19 (in Library).
On History:
V Berridge & G Edwards, 1981, Opium and the People HV5816 (short loan); new edition 1999 in seven day loan collection.
Geoff Harding, 1988, Opiate addiction, morality and medicine: from moral illness to pathological disease HV5816
Carol Smart, 1984, 'Social policy and drug addiction: a critical study of policy development', British Journal of Addictions, 79, 31-39.
(Note the influence of Foucault and the 'revisionist' style of history in all three above accounts).
D Courtwright et al, 1990, Addicts who Survived: an oral history of narcotic use in America, 1923-1965. HV5825
J Galliher and A Walker, 1977, 'The puzzle of the social origins of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937', Social Problems 24, 3, 367-76.
(Also reprinted in South, 1995, above). See the references in this article for the other interpretations of this significant piece of US legislation, eg Becker 1963, Dickson, 1968; and discussion in Intro. to South, ed. 1995, vol 1)
On politics, international agreements etc:
W McAllister 2000 Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century
Kettil Bruun et al, 1975, The Gentlemens' Club: International control of drugs and alcohol. HV5801
VRuggiero and N South, 1995, Eurodrugs: drug use, markets and trafficking in Europe. HV5840.E7Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Studies:
South, ed. 1995, vol 1.
H. Becker, 1963, Outsiders HV33 (short loan [1973]
J Young, 1971, The Drugtakers HV5801 (3 copies)
E Preble & J Casey, 1969, 'Taking Care of Business', International Journal of the Addictions 4, 1, 1-24. (in South, ed. Vol 2)
G Pearson, 1987, 'Social deprivation, unemployment and patterns of heroin use' in Dorn and South eds, 1987.
E Ettorre, 1992, Women and Substance Use HQ1206.E7
14. Drugs, crime and control
During the 1980s, heroin and then cocaine /crack caused considerable alarm - some justified, some not. Additionally, the link between intravenous drug use and the spread of HIV/AIDS added a new dimension to 'the drugs problem'. Since the 1990s and into the new century ecstasy, heroin and crack/cocaine have seen increasing use; cannabis is recognised as a very widely used drug and there are calls for its legalisation; but meanwhile law enforcement is stepped up against international drug trafficking, especially in a new context of anti-terrorism. At home, Government policy is concerned about links between social deprivation, drug use and crime, especially involving young people. This weeks lecture examines recent developments and current and future issues.General:
South, 2003, (1997, 1994) in Maguire et Oxford Handbook ;
Articles in South, ed.1995, vol. 2. HV6025
On drugs in the 1980s and 1990's
J Auld et al, 1986, 'Irregular work, irregular pleasures: heroin in the 1980s' in Matthews and Young eds Confronting Crime HV6947 (also in A. Giddens, ed. 1993, Human Societies) HM15
Dorn and South eds, 1987, A Land Fit for Heroin?: Drug policies, prevention and practice HV5822.H4
S Macgregor ed. 1989, Drugs and British Society: Responses to a social problem in the 1980s HV5840.G7
G. Pearson, The New Heroin Users HV5822.H4
H Parker et al, Living with Heroin HV5822.H4
A comprehensive USA collection is M. Tonry and J. Wilson (eds) Drugs and Crime 1990, HV5825
For a US account of drugs, gang warfare and the city of late modernity, see M Davis, 1990, City of Quartz HN80.L7 or Davis, 1988, 'Los Angeles: civil liberties between the hammer and the rock; (aka Nightmares in Los Angeles)', New Left Review, 170, July, 37-60On legalisation/decriminalisation and 'drug wars':
South, ed. 1995, vol 1.
Ethan Nadelman, 1989, 'Drug prohibition in the United States: costs, consequences and alternatives', Science, 245, September 1st, 939-946.
Against - J Inciardi, ed The Drug Decriminalisation Debate HV5825 (with essays 'against' and 'for'). Essays by Nadelman and Inciardi are also in South, 1995 vol.1
Sceptical - G Pearson, 'Drugs and criminal justice: a harm reduction perspective'; and
N Dorn, 'The fourth path: uncoupling harm minimisation from decriminalisation' in E Buning et al, eds, 1992, Reduction of Drug Related Harm, Also look at other articles in Buning, et al. HV5801On drug crime/markets and policing:
M Collison 1995 Police, drugs and community
N Dorn and N South, 1990, 'Drug markets and law enforcement', British Journal of Criminology, 30, 2, 171-88
N Dorn,K Murji and N South, 1992, Traffickers: Drug markets and law enforcement HV5840.G7
V Ruggiero & N South, 1995 Euro Drugs: drug use, markets and trafficking in Europe HV5840.E7
M Collison, 1993, 'Punishing drugs: criminal justice and drug use', British Journal of Criminology, 33, 3.
P Adler, 1985, Wheeling and Dealing: An ethnography of an upper-level drug dealing and smuggling community. HV5831.C2
J. Inciardi, 1986, (2nd edn. 1992), The War on Drugs: Heroin, Cocaine and Crime (2nd ed) HV5825)
R Hammersley et al, 1990, 'The criminality of new drug users in Glasgow', British Journal of Addiction, 85, 1583-1594.
M Tonry and J Q Wilson, eds, 1990, Drugs and Crime (Crime and Justice Review 13). HV5825
15. 'Organised' Professional Crime
Whilst not disputing that there is much large scale crime that is organised, there has been a wave of recent work reacting against the popular and media promoted images of 'organised crime' as a monolithic, octopus-like Mafia, controlled from the centre by a Godfather and stretching from serious to petty crime and from country to country, around the world. This week we consider some of the studies that have described 'the organisation of crime'. In Britain, police and researchers have generally found evidence of entrepreneurial crime, 'organised' by professional criminals but no evidence of major crime organisations in the sense found in the USA, Italy or now Russia. We must therefore be careful about how we think about such types of crime.E Carrabine et al, 2003, Crime in Modern Britain, ch 4
Dick Hobbs, 1995, Bad Business: Professional crime in modern Britain (on order)
Dick Hobbs, (ed) 1995, Professional Criminals
Mary McIntosh, 1975, The Organisation of Crime
Mike Woodiwiss, 1988, Crime, Crusades and Corruption HV683
Peter Reuter, 1984, Disorganised Crime:Illegal markets and the mafia HV6446
Cyrille Fijnaut, 1990, 'Organized crime: a comparison between the United States of America and Western Europe', British Journal of Criminology, 30, 3, 321-340.
Essays by Ruggiero, Block, and others, in F Pearce and M Woodiwiss eds, 1993, Global crime connections. HV6441
Various readings in N. Passas, (ed) 1994 Organized Crime HV6441
W Chambliss, 1978, On the Take: from petty crooks to Presidents HV6795.S6
Donald Cressey, 1969, Theft of the Nation: the structure and operations of organised crime in America HV6791
Daniel Bell, 1965, 'Crime as an American way of life' in D. Bell eds. 1976 The End of Ideology JA.84.U6
J Mack and H Kerner, 1975, The Crime Industry HV6252
Frank Pearce, 1976, Crimes of the Powerful (section on 'organised crime') HV6030 (short loan)
Dick Hobbs, 1988, Doing the Business HV8198.L7
Janet Foster, 1990, Villains. HV6550.L7
16. READING WEEK
No lecture or class (but catch up with course work and reading! Remember, the exams aren't that far away .......)
17. Business Crime: Corporate and White collar crime
In 1940, the American criminologist Edwin Sutherland coined the term 'white collar crime' to draw attention to the various crimes committed by the supposedly respectable sections of society. Studies of occupational crime have proliferated since and the study of the crimes or misdeeds of the financially powerful has begun to develop, as Sutherland hoped, as an important antidote to the traditional focus of criminology upon the crimes of the poor and the working class. However, how these different forms of crime are treated by the criminal justice system - if at all - is a different matter.E Carrabine et al, 2003, Crime in Modern Britain, Ch 4
Hazel Croall 2001 Understanding white collar crime
Various readings in D. Nelken (ed) 1994 White Collar Crime HV6252; plus Nelken's essay 'White Collar Crime' in the Oxford Handbook HV6025
Hazel Croall, 1992, White Collar Crime. HV6252
E Sutherland, 1940, 'White collar criminality', American Sociological Review, 5, 1.
E Sutherland, 1949/1961, White Collar Crime HV6252
S Box, 1983, 'Corporate crime' ch 2 in his Power, Crime and Mystification (and ch 3 on 'police crime') HV6252
F Pearce, 1976, Crimes of the Powerful HV6030 (short loan)
M. Clinard, 1990, Corporate Corruption: the Abuse of Power
J Hagan, 1994, 'White collar crime in a global economy' ch. 4. in Hagan, Crime and Disrepute. HV6025
M Clarke, 1990, Business Crime: its nature and control. HV6252
---"---, 1986, Regulating the City HG186.G7
M Levi, 1987, Regulating Fraud: white collar crime and the criminal process HV6699.G7
M Levi, 1991, 'Developments in business crime control in Europe' in Heidensohn and Farrell, eds. Crime in Europe. HV6937
G Geis and P Jesilow, eds. 1993, White Collar Crime HV6552
R Reiman, 1984, The Rich get Richer and the Poor get Prison
18. Eco Crime- crimes against the environment
This week we move to the new criminological topic of environmental rights and proposals for a green criminology. We will outline and discuss the latter two ideas looking in particular at corporate and state crimes against the environment. This week raises the profile of environmental issues within criminology eg pollution, environmental victimology, comparative assessment of the health impacts of corporate crime, natural disasters, and environmental challenges posed by industrial practices and accidents. All of this takes criminology into discussion of questions and problems related to the realm of global change and challenges (weeks 19 and 20).N South and P Beirne (eds) For A Green Criminology, Special issue of Theoretical Criminology , 2,2 1998. Especiallly N. South ' A green field for criminology? A proposal for a perspective';
Also other articles in this issue: by T. Benton on 'rights and justice', by R Agnew on animal rights; by P Lane on ecofeminism; by N Groombrdige on masculinities and green issues; and by R Del Olmo on the ecological impact of illicit drug cultivation and crop eradication programme in Latin America.
Albrecht, Hans-Jorg, and Leppa, Seppo (1992) Criminal Law and the Environment, Helsinki: Helsinki Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations. Publication 22.
Alvazzi del Frate, Anna, and Norberry, Jennifer, (eds) (1993) Environmental Crime, Sanctioning Strategies and Sustainable Development, Rome: UNICRI and Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. Publication No 50.
Beirne, Piers (1995) 'The use and abuse of animals in criminology: a brief history and current review', Social Justice, 22, (1): 5-31.
Block, Alan and Bernard, T (1988), 'Crime in the waste oil industry', Deviant Behaviour, 9: 113-29.
Block, A and Scarpitti, F (1985) Poisoning for Profit: The Mafia and Toxic Waste in America, New York: William Morrow.
Bullard, Robert (1990) Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class and Environmental Quality
Churchill, Robin, Gibson, John and Warren, Lynda (eds) (1991) Special issue of Journal of Law and Society, on Environment and Law, 18 (1).
Collard, Andree with Contrucci, Joyce (1988) Rape of the Wild: Man's Violence Against Animals and the Earth, London: Women's Press.
Davis, Mike (1993) 'Dead west: ecocide in Marlboro Country', New Left Review, 200: 49-73.
Day, David (1991) The Eco-Wars, London: Paladin.
Del Olmo, Rosa (1987) 'Aerobiology and the war on drugs: a transnational crime', Crime and Social Justice, 30, 28-44.
Edwards, Sally, Edwards, Terry and Fields, Charles, (eds) (1996) Environmental Crime and Criminality: Theoretical and Practical Issues, New York: Garland.
Ferris, John (1991) 'Green politics and the future of welfare' in Manning, Nick, (ed) Social Policy Review, London: Longman.
Geis, Gilbert and Dimento, J (1995) 'Should we prosecute corporations and/or individuals?', pp. 72-86, in F. Pearce and L. Snider (eds), 1995, Corporate Crime, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Hofrichter, Richard. (1993) Toxic Struggles: The Theory and Practice of Environmental Justice, Philadelphia, PA: New Society.
Human Rights Watch / Natural Resources Defense Council (1992) Defending the Earth: Abuses of Human Rights and the Environment, no place of publication given: Human Rights Watch and Natural Resources Defence Council.
Lowe, P, Ward, N, Seymour, S and Clark, J, (1996) 'Farm pollution as environmental crime', Science as Culture, 5 (4): 588-612.
Miller, Christopher (1995) 'Environmental rights: European fact or English fiction?', Journal of Law and Society, 22 (3): 374-393.
Pearce, Frank and Snider, Laureen (eds) (1995) Corporate Crime: Contemporary Debates, Toronto: Toronto University Press.
Rowell, A, 1996, Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the Environment Movement, London: Routledge.
Schuck, P, 1986, Agent Orange on Trial: Mass Toxic Disasters in the Courts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shoemaker, D and Bryant, C, 1985, 'Ecological law-enforcement and the 'seafood police'', in C. Bryant, D. Shoemaker. J. Skipper and W. Snizek (eds) The Rural Workforce: Non-agricultural occupations in America, Massachusetts: Bergin and Garvey.
South, N, 1998, 'Corporate and state crimes against the environment: foundations for a green perspective in European criminology' in V. Ruggiero, N. South and I. Taylor (eds), European Criminology: Crime and Social Order in Europe, London: Routledge.
Szasz, A, 1986, 'Corporations, organised crime and the disposal of hazardous waste: an examination of the making of a criminogenic regulatory structure', Criminology, 24, 1, 1-27.
Szasz, A, 1994, EcoPopulism: Toxic Waste and the Movement for Environmental Justice, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Webb, K, 1995, 'Controlling corporate misconduct through regulatory offences: the Canadian experience', pp. 339-351 in F. Pearce and L. Snider (eds).
Williams, Christopher (1996) 'Environmental victims: an introduction' in C. Willams (ed) Environmental Victims, special issue of Social Justice, 23, 4: 1-6.
Yeager, P, 1993, The Limits of the Law: The Public Regulation of Private Pollution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. Terrorism in a changing world
Tuesday 11th September, 2001. The New York City Twin Towers and Washington Pentagon' aircraft attacks defined a new turning point in global events and international relations. As many commentators described it, this was a 'day the world changed'. The attacks were global media events, filmed, and then televised world wide as they, and subsequent events, 'happened'. After the initial assumption that the first crash was an accident, the attacks could quickly be defined as terrorism - though it was unclear who was doing the terrorising and for what purpose. This meant a loose idea emerged of this being an attack on democracy and a declaration of war. But while terrorism is usually a crime (though not to everyone, everywhere) it may be harder to define as an act of 'war'. And is there rationality and reason to terrorism even if it is not always very apparent? This week we consider some of the questions that terrorism has posed historically and how these are important in a global world where confrontations between the major states have receded but intra-regional and religious and ethnic conflicts seem more inflamed than ever. So, we can consider terrorism arising from religious motivation - whether Islamic criticism of the USA, the Northern Ireland situation, or the acts of the Aum religious sect in Japan; or from anti-establishment social movements, eg anarchist parts of the green movement (last week) gave rise to 'monkey-wrenching', ie forms of sabotage designed to interfere with the smooth running of capitalism; but we can also consider the terrorism pursued by states against populations (their own or those they have conquered - eg the acts of the Nazi's or Soviet Communism during the second world war). The discussion this week then links into the themes of week 20 - and indeed it is now worth thinking about terrorism in the 21st century in terms of 'postmodernism, late-modernity, globalisation' and the challenge for criminology.David Whittaker (ed) 2001 The terrorism reader / edited by David J. Whittaker.
London : Routledge, 2001. HV 6435.T4.
Heymann, Philip B. 1998 Terrorism and America : a commonsense strategy for a democratic society. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. HV 6435.H4.
Pillar, Paul. 2001 Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Brookings Institution.
C Gearty (ed) Terrorism / edited by Conor Gearty. Aldershot : Dartmouth, 1996.
David O. Friedrichs. (ed) 1998 State crime JX 6711.
Martin, David C. and J Walcott 1988 Best laid plans : the inside story of America's war against terrorism / New York : Harper & Row, c1988 HV 6435.
Volkan, Vamik D., 1997 Blood lines : from ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism / New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux, HT 1521.V6.
Hewitt, Christopher. 1993 Consequences of political violence / Aldershot : Dartmouth JC 328. and HV 6435.
Kaplan, David E., and Andrew Marshall 1996 The cult at the end of the world : the incredible story of Aum / .BP 605.O8.
Chomsky, Noam. 1988, The culture of terrorism London : Pluto. E 812.5.
Leach, Edmund Ronald.1977, Custom, law, and terrorist violence Edinburgh : University Press, p K 190. and K 282. and HM 107.L4.
Dunnigan, John P. 1995 Deep-rooted conflict and the IRA cease-fire /Lanham, MD : University Press of America, DA 990.U46.
Ecodefense : a field guide to monkeywrenching / edited by Dave Foreman and Bill Haywood 3rd ed.Chico, Calif. : Abbzug Press, 1993. HV 6435.
Martha Crenshaw, John Pimlott, (eds) Encyclopedia of world terrorism / Armonk, N.Y. : Sharpe Reference, c1997. HV 6435. (3 volumes)
Fernando Reinares (ed) 2000, European democracies against terrorism : governmental policies and intergovernmental cooperation / Aldershot : Ashgate, HV 6435.E8.
Clutterbuck, Richard L. 1980 Guerrillas and terrorists / Chicago : Ohio University Press, 1980, . HV 6435.
Laquer, Walter. 2001 A History of Terrorism. Transaction.
Schlesinger, Philip. 1991 Media, state and nation : political violence and collective
identities HM 281
Cameron, Gavin, 1999 Nuclear terrorism : a threat assessment for the 21st century /
Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1999. JX 1974.C2.
Ford, Franklin L. 1985 Political murder : from tyrannicide to terrorism /
Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. HV 6278.
Reader, I, 2000, Religious violence in contemporary Japan : the case of Aum Shinriky Richmond : Curzon. BP 605.O8.
Tanter, R 1998 Rogue regimes : terrorism and proliferation Basingstoke : Macmillan, E 744.T2.
Tarazona-Sevillano, G and J B Reuter 1990 Sendero Luminoso and the threat of narcoterrorism New York : Praeger, JL 3498.S4.
Michael Stohl and George A. Lopez. (eds) 1984 The State as terrorist : the dynamics of governmental violence and repression / Greenwood Press, 1984. JC 571.S7
Chaliand, G 1987 Terrorism : from popular struggle to media spectacle / London : Saqi Books, HV 6435.
O'Kane, Rosemary H. T. 1996 Terror, force and states : the path from modernity / Edward Elgar, JC 481.O5.
Latter, Richard, 1991, Terrorism in the 1990s /H.M.S.O.,p HV 6435.
Sederberg, Peter C. 1989 Terrorist myths : illusion, rhetoric, and reality / Prentice Hall, HV 6435.
M Warner and R Crisp. 1990 Terrorism, protest and power / E. Elgar, HV 6435.
Weine, Stevan M., 1999 When history is a nightmare : lives and memories of ethnic
cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Rutgers University Press, DR 371.W
Cohen, Stanley. 2001. States of denial : knowing about atrocities and suffering /
Cambridge : Polity, BF 175.C6.
20. Late-modernity, Post-modernity, Globalisation and Criminology
The course opened with an introduction to criminology via the certainties of 19th century science. By the end of the 20th century, such certainties had been challenged by changes on the global stage, shifts in culture and uncertainties in social life. Post-modernists suggest a fragmentation of experiences and modern living is occuring. What should be the nature of a criminology for the 21st century? Here we will start to sense crime and deviance as 'post': postmodern, post industrial, cyberspaced, global, hi tech (postmodern theory). We will ask whether some of the anxieties commonly reported by surveys and the media about crime are now just to be taken for granted as part of the 'risk society' that postmodernity brings? If we want difference, fragmentations, multiplicity, seductive consumerism, globalization and the rest - is crime and deviance the (high) price to be paid? And even so, what is to be done?While the impact of postmodernist theory has been felt throughout most of the Social Sciences and Humanities, debates about its relevance and implications for the subject of criminology have been slow to arrive and develop. Arguably the contest between late-modern and post-modern visions of criminology is still to emerge in any firm and mature form. However, the outlines of post-modern critiques and re-conceptualisations of criminology, and of response from authors working within a framework of late-modern theory, are available.
A General Overview, see N. South, 1997, 'Late-modern Criminology: 'late' as in 'dead' or 'modern' as in 'new' in D. Owen (ed) 1997, Sociology after Postmodernism (or N. South 2000 'The criminological imagination: late modern criminology from the 20th to the 21st centuries' in M Haralambos (ed) Developments in Sociology vol 16 - Handout)
On post-modernism and criminology:
Morrison, W, 1994, 'Criminology, modernity and the 'truth' of the human condition: reflections on the melancholy of post-modernism', pp. 134-153 in D. Nelken (ed) 1994.
J. Young, 1999, The Exclusive Society, chapters 2 and 8
Carrington, K, 1994, 'Post-modernism and feminist criminologies: disconnecting discourses?', International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 22, 261-77.
Carrington, K, 1998, 'Postmodernism and feminist criminologies: fragmenting the criminological subject' in P. Walton and J. Young (eds) The New Criminology Revisited, London: Macmillan.
Henry, S and Milovanovic, D, 1994, 'The constitution of constitutive criminology: a postmodern approach to criminological theory' in D. Nelken (ed) 1994.
Plummer, K, 1990, 'Staying in the empirical world: symbolic interactionism and post-modernism', Symbolic Interaction, 13, 2, 155-60.
Redhead, S, 1991, 'Rave off: youth, subcultures and the law', Social Studies Review, 6, 3, 92-94.
Schwartz, M and Friedrichs, D, 1994, 'Post-modern thought and criminological discontent: new metaphors for understanding violence', Criminology, 32, 2, 221-246.
S Henry and D Milovanovic, 1991, Constitutive Criminology, HV6025
C Smart, 1991, 'Feminist approaches to criminology or postmodern woman meets atavistic man' in Gelsthorpe and Morris, eds, Feminist Perspectives in Criminology.
M Cain 'Towards transgression: new directions in feminist criminology' InternationalJournal of the Sociology of Law 1990 18:1 1-18
S Pfohl and A Gordon, 1987 'Criminological Displacements' in A & M Kroker, Eds, Body Invaders BH301.M6
Frug, Mary (1992) Postmodern legal feminism York: Routledge, K 370
Pavlich, George (1996) Justice fragmented: mediating community disputes under postmodern conditions London: Routledge, K 2390
Douzinas, Costas et al ed (1994) Politics, postmodernity and critical legal studies: the legality of the contingent London: Routledge, K 235
Douzinas, Costas et al (1991) Postmodern jurisprudence: the law of text in the texts of law London: Routledge, K 230.D6A general guide to many issues around present and future:
Gary Browning et al Understanding Contemporary Society, 2000
In thinking generally about postmodernism, look at:
Richard Appignanesi & Chris Garrett Postmodernism for Beginners
Jon Gibbins and Bo Reimer The Politics of Postmodernity, 1999
David Harvey The Condition of Postmodernity, 1989
For a view of youth and social theory, critical of subculture theory and influenced by Post-modernism, see:
Steve Redhead, ed, 1993, Rave Off. HQ799.G7
'Rave Off: Youth, subcultures and the law', Social Studies Review, January, 92-94A sense of crisis and change:
Ian Taylor (1999) Crime in Context
Jeff Ferrell & Clinton Sanders (1998) Cultural Criminology
Iris Marion Young (1991) The Politics of Difference
On social theory, modernity and environmental risk:
Ulrich Beck, 1993, The Risk Society, (hard going, but much praised) HN18
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